Philadelphia served as the nation's capital on six separate occasions, including from 1775 to 1776, in 1777, twice in 1778, in 1781, and from 1790 to 1800 York and Lancaster both briefly served as the nation's capital in 1777.ĭuring the American Civil War, Pennsylvania's 360,000 Union Army volunteers proved influential in strengthening the Union, successfully guarding the national capital of Washington, D.C., which was vulnerable following the fall of Fort Sumter, and later leading daring raids against Confederate Army strongholds in the Deep South. as the nation's capital, a Pennsylvania city served as the nation's capital. On eight separate occasions prior to the construction of Washington, D.C.
On December 12, 1787, Pennsylvania became the second state after Delaware, which had previously been part of Pennsylvania as the three lower counties, to ratify the Constitution. In Philadelphia, the Second Continental Congress, on June 21, 1778, ratified the Articles of Confederation, which served as the foundation for the ultimate development and ratification of the U.S.
For six months, Washington and 12,000 Continental Army troops encamped at Valley Forge over a harsh winter with limited supplies roughly 1,700 to 2,000 of them died at Valley Forge from disease and malnutrition. In 17, the national capital of Philadelphia fell under British control for nine months, and multiple Revolutionary War battles were fought in Pennsylvania. On December 25 and 26, 1776, Washington secretly led a column of Continental Army troops across the Delaware River from Bucks County, launching a successful surprise attack against Hessian mercenaries at the Battle of Trenton. Philadelphia hosted the First Continental Congress in Carpenters' Hall in 1774, and, beginning the following year, the Second Continental Congress in Independence Hall, which in 1776 unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence, a document that historian Joseph Ellis has described as "the most potent and consequential words in American history" and which formally launched the American Revolutionary War. Its largest city, Philadelphia, was the gathering place of the nation's Founding Fathers and home to much of the thinking, activism, and writing that inspired the American Revolution. Pennsylvania played a vital and historic role in the American Revolution and the ultimately successful quest for independence from the British Empire. Pennsylvania was one of thirteen British colonies from which the nation was formed. Established as a haven for religious and political tolerance, the Province of Pennsylvania was known for its relatively peaceful relations with native tribes, innovative government system, and religious pluralism. Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 through a royal land grant to William Penn, son of the state's namesake a southeast portion of the state was once part of the colony of New Sweden. While it has only 140 miles (225 km) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River, Pennsylvania has more navigable rivers than any other state in the nation, including the Delaware, Ohio, and Pine Creek rivers. Pennsylvania's geography is highly diverse: the Appalachian Mountains run through the center of the state the Allegheny and Pocono mountains span much of Northeast Pennsylvania close to 60% of the state is forested.
The state's subsequent five most populous cities are: Allentown, Reading, Erie, Scranton, and Bethlehem. Another 2.37 million reside in Greater Pittsburgh in the southwest, centered on Pittsburgh, the state's second-largest and Western Pennsylvania's largest city.
The southeastern Delaware Valley metropolitan area comprises and surrounds Philadelphia, the state's largest and nation's sixth most populous city. It is the 33rd-largest state by area and ranks ninth among all states in population density. Pennsylvania is the fifth-most populous state in the nation with over 13 million residents as of 2020. It borders Delaware to its southeast, Maryland to its south, West Virginia to its southwest, Ohio to its west, Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to its northwest, New York state to its north, and the Delaware River and New Jersey to its east. Pennsylvania ( / ˌ p ɛ n s ɪ l ˈ v eɪ n i ə/ ( listen) Pennsylvania German: Pennsilfaani), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States.
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